Referencing Senate Bill Again Bluebook Citation
This guide is developed in line with The Bluebook: A Uniform Arrangement of Citation (the Columbia Police Review Clan, the Harvard Law Review Association, the Academy of Pennsylvania Law Review, and the Yale Law Journal ed., 20th ed. 2015).
Table of Contents
(clickable)
- What is Bluebook Citation Style?
- Why You Need to Cite Your Sources
- General Principles of Bluebook Formatting
- Notes on Citations
- Bluebook Footnote Commendation
- Legal Citation
- Commendation for Books, Reports, and Other Not-periodical Materials
- Article Citation
- Citation Websites and Electronic Media
- Citation for Other Sources
- Tables and Figures in Bluebook Style
What is Bluebook Citation Style?
The Bluebook style is exclusively used for legal papers, and and so information technology can be somewhat complicated due to its focus on easy citations of diverse court documents. The form is a blend between in-text and footnote-based formats, every bit its citations are located in the text but appear more similar to footnote-based ones. You lot have to provide the author's full proper name, the proper noun of the book, the year of publication, and the page number for the relevant quotation or commendation. As such, Bluebook shares some similarities with nearly other citation styles while closely emulating few to none.
Why You lot Need to Cite Your Sources
You may be familiar with the need to cite information, but many places also crave you to follow a strict guide and a specific style while doing and so. Here are some reasons why both of these aspects are critical for your writing and overall career:
- The bespeak of a paper is to show your understanding of the topic so reach additional conclusions from there. You show this sensation past citing works in the field that back up or oppose your findings.
- The sources yous use accept to warrant the trust of a reader, pregnant scholars should generally admit them. Peer review is an essential practice that differentiates high-quality sources from inferior ones.
- When you reference a source, you have to place what it is and where it may exist found in a class that is easy for the reader to understand. Hence, you should attach to the template lest you commit some mistake that makes the citation unusable.
- Ultimately, if you are caught plagiarizing, whether intentionally or not, you will be severely punished. Y'all may fifty-fifty be expelled or fired from your system, receiving a bad marking on your record that volition severely tarnish it.
General Principles of Bluebook Formatting
- Utilise any adequate professional person font, such every bit Times New Roman, Courier New, etc.
- Italics are used in the body of the text for source names and stylistic purposes
- Citations are designed to assist the reader locate a source
- Bluebook citation style is designed for both students and researchers to be used in academic writing (The Whitepages) and practitioners (clerks, lawyers, and other legal professionals) to be used in non-bookish legal documents (The Bluepages)
- Citation format of the Whitepages and the Bluepages differs in typeface and elements of citation
- Authors and titles of books, including institutional authors, titles of periodicals are written in Large and Small Caps
- Instance names in text are written in Italics while in citations, they are written in normal font
- Instance names in text and in citations besides differ by the extent to which the instance proper noun is abbreviated
- If Whitepages guidelines fail to cover how to format the source, refer to Bluepages rules.
- If no information on citing a item type of document is bachelor, cite information technology in accord with the format of the closest alternative
Notes on Bluebook Citations
- In law reviews, all citations must exist included as footnotes
- The footnote number should appear after the final punctuation of the quotation
- In some procedural documents, citations tin be made in a citation sentence or a citation clause
- Introductory signals, such as e.g., accord, see, see likewise, Cf., and others are used to betoken the human relationship betwixt the commendation and the text or other citations.
- If no signal discussion is used, this means that the data was directly stated or cited by the chosen dominance
- Id. and short names are used to refer to sources that were mentioned recently:
- Same source and folio in two or more footnotes: Id.
- Same source in two or more footnotes, different page numbers: Id., page number.
- Same source used within the past 5 citations: Short citation (different for each document type).
Bluebook Legal Citation
Cases
S. Pac. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 225-26 (1917)
When citing legal cases, you need to include the post-obit data (in order):
- Kickoff party vs. Second political party
- Reporter volume number
- Reporter abbreviation
- Showtime page of the case
- Specific page referred to
- Deciding court
- Appointment of decision
If a decision has non been reached nevertheless, include as much information as you tin can in place of the date of decision. For example, if a case was filed but not decided, include the filing engagement. If the case involves an acting order, whether published or unpublished, include an appropriate mark (order granting preliminary injunction) at the stop of the citation in parentheses.
Constitutions
U.South. Const. amend. §1.
U.S. Const. fine art. I, § 9, cl. 2.
When citing constitutions, include the post-obit information (in club):
- Abbreviation of the constitution cited
- Abbreviation for "amendment" (amend.), "article" (fine art.) or "clause" (cl.)
- Number of the amendment cited
- Section symbol and number
- If the cited provision has been repealed or amended, add amendment date in parentheses or in text
Note: a short class other than id. is non immune when citing constitutions
Statutes
National Emergency Management Human activity, 6 §§ 701-811 (2006)
Short form:
6 U.S.C. § 701
If you need to cite a statute, such as an act, utilize the following data (in social club):
- Official proper name of the act
- Lawmaking title number
- Abbreviation of the lawmaking
- Section containing the statute (with section symbols)
- Date of code edition used
Bills and Resolutions
H.R. Res. 3452, 104th Cong. (1996)
S. Res. 95, 115th Cong. (2017)
Short forms:
H.R. 3452
S.R. 95
For bills and resolutions, use the post-obit:
- The name of the bill (if applicable)
- The abbreviation of the house
- Pecker number
- Congress number
- Section number
- Year of publication
Hearings
Challenges and Opportunities Facing America'due south Schools and Workplaces: Hearing before the H. Comm. on Didactics and the Workforce, 113th Cong. (2013)
When citing committee hearings, yous must include the following information:
- Full subject matter championship
- Bill number (if applicable)
- Subcommittee proper noun (if applicable)
- Commission name
- Congress number
- Session number (for State committee hearings)
- Page number (if citing a specific page)
- Year
Bluebook Citation for Books, Reports, and Other Non-journal Materials
As a rule, when citing books, reports, and similar sources, you will need to provide:
- Author'south full name
- Championship
- Folio cited
- Editor(s) and translator(south) names (if applicable)
- Edition number
- Year of publication
The post-obit page contains some examples of unlike sources cited in the Bluebook format.
Note: writer name(s) and source titles are given in pocket-size and large caps.
Book with one or 2 authors
Rɪᴄʜᴀʀᴅ J. Lᴀᴢᴀʀᴜs, Tʜᴇ Mᴀᴋɪɴɢ ᴏғ Eɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ Lᴀᴡ 57 (2004).
Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice And Process § 1006 (2d ed. 1987).
Book with more than two authors
Kᴀʀᴇɴ Wʜɪᴛᴇ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Tʜᴇ Fᴏʀɢᴏᴛᴛᴇɴ Rᴏᴏᴍ 100 (2016).
Or you lot may listing all authors:
Kᴀʀᴇɴ Wʜɪᴛᴇ, Bᴇᴀᴛʀɪᴢ Wɪʟʟɪᴀᴍs & Lᴀᴜʀᴇɴ Wɪʟʟɪɢ, Tʜᴇ Fᴏʀɢᴏᴛᴛᴇɴ Rᴏᴏᴍ 100 (2016).
Volume with editor or translator
Cᴀsᴇs ɪɴ Oɴʟɪɴᴇ Iɴᴛᴇʀᴠɪᴇᴡ Rᴇsᴇᴀʀᴄʜ 30 (Janet Salmons ed., 2011).
Note: do not write editor or translator names in small caps, apply a regular font
Book with no author
Lᴀᴡᴍᴇɴ ᴀɴᴅ Oᴜᴛʟᴀᴡs 49-fifty (Peachy Mountain W Supply 1997).
Note: include a publisher in parentheses
Multiple editions of the book
Sᴛᴜᴀʀᴛ Bᴇʟʟ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., Eɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ Lᴀᴡ 187 (8th ed. 2013).
Chapter in an edited book
Sᴛᴜᴀʀᴛ Bᴇʟʟ ᴇᴛ ᴀʟ., International Law and Environmental Protection, in Eɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ Lᴀᴡ 136 (8th ed. 2013).30.
Bluebook Article Citation
Scholarly journal article
Bernard Chiliad. Bass & Paul Steidlmeier, Ethics, Character, and Authentic Transformational Leadership Behavior, 10Lᴇᴀᴅ. Qᴜᴀʀ. 181, 210-212 (1999).
Short form: Bass & Steidlmeier, supra note 1 (showtime note cited), at folio number.
For articles published in scholarly journals, include the following:
- Writer's proper name
- Article title
- Journal volume number
- Abbreviated periodical title
- Start folio of the commodity
- Specific page(southward) cited
- Year of publication
Mag Articles and Newspapers
Declan Walsh & Eric Schmitt, Arms Sales to Saudis Leave American Fingerprints on Yemen's Carnage, N.Y. Tɪᴍᴇs, Dec. 25, 2016, at 2.
Short grade: Walsh & Schmitt, supra note 1 (first notation cited), at page number.
For magazine and paper manufactures, provide the information equally listed below:
- Writer's name
- Article championship
- Magazine or newspaper title (shortened)
- Date of publication
- Beginning page
Bluebook Citation Websites and Electronic Media
The Bluebook citation handbook strongly advises confronting including electronic sources in the bibliography if they can be cited as a printed source. The following examples are for reference only, and you should even so check if a printed version of a source is bachelor earlier citing it as an electronic source.
Web page
Aᴄᴄᴏʀ Hᴏᴛᴇʟs, Cᴏᴍᴍɪᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ, https://www.accorhotels.grouping/en/commitment (last visited Dec. 26, 2018).
PDF documents (corporate author)
Tʜᴇ Cᴏᴄᴀ-Cᴏʟᴀ Cᴏᴍᴘᴀɴʏ, 2017 Sᴜsᴛᴀɪɴᴀʙɪʟɪᴛʏ Rᴇᴘᴏʀᴛ (2018), https://www.coca-colacompany.com/content/dam/journey/u.s.a./en/individual/fileassets/pdf/2018/2017-Sustainability-Study-The-Coca-Cola-Company.pdf
PDF document (individual author)
Xiao-Ping Chen, et al., Affective Trust in Chinese Leaders: Linking Paternalistic Leadership to Employee Functioning, twoscore J. Mᴀɴ. 796, 797 (2014), http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.908.4532&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
Blogs
Dave Owen, The New WOTUS Proposed Rule and the Myths of Clean Water Act Federalism, Eɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ Lᴀᴡ Pʀᴏғ. Bʟᴏɢ (Dec. xiii, 2018, one:21 PM), https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/environmental_law/2018/12/the-new-wotus-proposed-rule-and-the-myths-of-clean-h2o-deed-federalism.html.
Bluebook Citation for Other Sources
At that place are many other types of sources that you might be required to cite in the Bluebook format. Some examples will be included below. Sources that do non match whatsoever of the categories in the guide should exist cited similar the next best alternative included in the guide.
Annotation: Short forms for these sources should be created using the abbreviations "supra" or "id."
Student-written law review materials
Abraham Bell & Gideon Parchomovsky, Article, The Instance for Imperfect Enforcement of Property Rights, 160 U. Pᴀ. 50. Rᴇᴠ. 1927, 1929-1930 (2012).
Proceedings, regular publications by institutes, and ABA section reports
Sarah Zappe et al., Flipping the Classroom to Explore Active Learning in a Large Undergraduate Class, 116 ASEE Aɴɴ. Cᴏɴғ. Exᴘ. Pʀᴏᴄ.284 (2009).
Unpublished and forthcoming sources
Stephen B. Burbank & Tobias Barrington Wolf, Class Deportment, Statutes of Limitations and Repose, and Federal Mutual Law, 167 U. Pᴀ. Fifty. Rᴇᴠ. (forthcoming December. 2018)
Electronic mail correspondence
E-mail from Anna Smith, Dir. of Operations, Organization, to Jayden Smith, Assoc. Prof., Organization (Dec. 25, 2018, 09:55 EST) (on file with author).
Interviews
Telephone interview with Margaret Wilson, Editor, Organization (Nov. nineteen, 2016).
Interview with Margaret Wilson, Editor, Organization, in Urban center, State (Mar. 24, 1998).
Working papers
Jay P. Greene & Greg Forster, Public High School Graduation and Higher Readiness Rates in the U.s. ane (Ctr. for Civic Innovation, Working Paper No. 3, 2003).
Note: "Ctr. for Civic Innovation" is the proper name of the sponsoring organization.
Intergovernmental Organizations
Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor et al., Sᴛᴀᴛᴇ ᴏғ Iɴᴇǫᴜᴀʟɪᴛʏ: Rᴇᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ, Mᴀᴛᴇʀɴᴀʟ, Nᴇᴡʙᴏʀɴ ᴀɴᴅ Cʜɪʟᴅ Hᴇᴀʟᴛʜ, Wᴏʀʟᴅ Hᴇᴀʟᴛʜ Oɢᴀɴɪᴢᴀɪᴛɪᴏɴ [WHO] (2015), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/164590/9789241564908_eng.pdf.
lnt'l Civil Aviation Org. [ICAO], 2012 Almanac Report of the Quango, ICAO Physician. 10001 (2012), https://world wide web.icao.int/publications/Documents/10001_en.pdf.
Tables and Figures in Bluebook Mode
The Bluebook citation style is somewhat unique in its laissez-faire approach to the formatting of your paper. It exists to ensure that your citations are accurate and precise and limits itself to that job. As such, you lot are free to format tables and figures however you lot encounter fit. Nevertheless, it is probably best to follow another styling format, so this guide volition provide an example using the Chicago way of formatting (come across figure 1).
Effigy 1: Drinking glass Earth.
Source: Ecology Science, Careers in Environmental Science, Nepa Ceqa Manager, https://www.environmentalscience.org/careers (terminal visited Jul. xix, 2019).
Notably, Bluebook does not require the use of a bibliography, and then a single mention of the reference in the text is sufficient. However, it has remarkably strict rules nearly referencing that you lot tin can detect in the volume that gives its name to the style. As many images and figures will be taken from online sources, you should remember a few basic guidelines. Offset, the format discourages the employ of whatever strictly online resources. 2nd, if you are citing an electronic version of a print document, you tin can mention it as though you lot were using that print document. Nevertheless, if that document would exist challenging to obtain, you should go far clear that you are using an electronic version in the reference. Lastly, you should remember advisedly before inserting tables or figures into a legal document, as they usually only contain formatted text.
Reference Listing
1. Glass globe [image on the Internet] 2018. [cited August 18, 2019]. Available from: https://www.environmentalscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NEPA-CEQA-640×425.jpeg
Source: https://citetotal.com/bluebook-citation-style-guide/
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